Publications

2025

• Machine Learning for Scientific Computing and Numerical Analysis
  
  • Montanelli Hadrien
  , 2025. These notes are for third-year students at École Polytechnique (Palaiseau, France), who have completed two years of classes préparatoires, making the material equivalent to a graduate-level course in the UK or US. The development of a Scientific Machine Learning (SciML) course for third-year students bridges the gap between scientific computing and machine learning. SciML, an emerging field, enables efficient methods for solving complex problems in science and engineering, like partial differential equations (PDEs). This course offers a new, valuable specialization, helping students stand out in the evolving job market, where demand for ML experts with specialized skills is growing.
• Adaptive mesh refinement on Cartesian meshes applied to the mixed finite element discretization of the multigroup neutron diffusion equations
  
  • Ciarlet Patrick
  • Do Minh-Hieu
  • Madiot François
  , 2025, 60. The multigroup neutron diffusion equations are often used to model the neutron density at the nuclear reactor core scale. Classically, these equations can be recast in a mixed variational form.This chapter presents an adaptive mesh refinement approach based on a posteriori estimators. We focus on refinement strategies on Cartesian meshes, since such structures are common for nuclear reactor core applications.
• Contributions on complexity bounds for Deterministic Partially Observed Markov Decision Process
  
  • Vessaire Cyrille
  • Carpentier Pierre
  • Chancelier Jean-Philippe
  • de Lara Michel
  • Rodríguez-Martínez Alejandro
  Annals of Operations Research, Springer Verlag, 2025, 344 (1), pp.345-382. Markov Decision Processes (Mdps) form a versatile framework used to model a wide range of optimization problems. The Mdp model consists of sets of states, actions, time steps, rewards, and probability transitions. When in a given state and at a given time, the decision maker's action generates a reward and determines the state at the next time step according to the probability transition function. However, Mdps assume that the decision maker knows the state of the controlled dynamical system. Hence, when one needs to optimize controlled dynamical systems under partial observation, one often turns toward the formalism of Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes (Pomdp). Pomdps are often untractable in the general case as Dynamic Programming suffers from the curse of dimensionality. Instead of focusing on the general Pomdps, we present a subclass where transitions and observations mappings are deterministic: Deterministic Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes (Det-Pomdp). That subclass of problems has been studied by (Littman, 1996) and (Bonet, 2009). It was first considered as a limit case of Pomdps by Littman, mainly used to illustrate the complexity of Pomdps when considering as few sources of uncertainties as possible. In this paper, we improve on Littman's complexity bounds. We then introduce and study an even simpler class: Separated Det-Pomdps and give some new complexity bounds for this class. This new class of problems uses a property of the dynamics and observation to push back the curse of dimensionality. (10.1007/s10479-024-06282-0)
  DOI : 10.1007/s10479-024-06282-0
• The non-intrusive reduced basis two-grid method applied to sensitivity analysis
  
  • Grosjean Elise
  • Simeon Bernd
  ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI) / EDP, 2025, 59 (1), pp.101-135. This paper deals with the derivation of Non-Intrusive Reduced Basis (NIRB) techniques for sensitivity analysis, more specifically the direct and adjoint state methods. For highly complex parametric problems, these two approaches may become too costly ans thus Reduced Basis Methods (RBMs) may be a viable option. We propose new NIRB two-grid algorithms for both the direct and adjoint state methods in the context of parabolic equations. The NIRB two-grid method uses the HF code solely as a “black-box”, requiring no code modification. Like other RBMs, it is based on an offline-online decomposition. The offline stage is time-consuming, but it is only executed once, whereas the online stage employs coarser grids and thus, is significantly less expensive than a fine HF evaluation. On the direct method, we prove on a classical model problem, the heat equation, that HF evaluations of sensitivities reach an optimal convergence rate in L∞(0, T ; H10(Ω)), and then establish that these rates are recovered by the NIRB two-grid approximation. These results are supported by numerical simulations. We then propose a new procedure that further reduces the computational costs of the online step while only computing a coarse solution of the state equations. On the adjoint state method, we propose a new algorithm that reduces both the state and adjoint solutions. All numerical results are run with the model problem as well as a more complex problem, namely the Brusselator system. (10.1051/m2an/2024044)
  DOI : 10.1051/m2an/2024044
• A posteriori error estimates for the DD+$L^2$ jumps method on the Neutron Diffusion equations
  
  • Ciarlet Patrick
  • Do Minh-Hieu
  • Gervais Mario
  • Madiot François
  Computers & Mathematics with Applications, Elsevier, 2025, 195, pp.349-365. We analyse a posteriori error estimates for the discretization of the neutron diffusion equations with a Domain Decomposition Method, the so-called DD+$L^2$ jumps method. We provide guaranteed and locally efficient estimators on a base block equation, the one-group neutron diffusion equation. Classically, one introduces a Lagrange multiplier to account for the jumps on the interface. This Lagrange multiplier is used for the reconstruction of the physical variables. Remarkably, no reconstruction of the Lagrange multiplier is needed to achieve the optimal a posteriori estimates. (10.1016/j.camwa.2025.07.026)
  DOI : 10.1016/j.camwa.2025.07.026
• Continuous-Time Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem Under Signal Temporal Logic Constraints
  
  • Lai En
  • Bonalli Riccardo
  • Girard Antoine
  • Jean Frédéric
  , 2025. This work introduces a novel method for solving optimal control problems under Signal Temporal Logic (STL) constraints, by implementing STL constraints into the dynamics. Our approach reformulates the original problem as a classical continuous-time optimal control problem. Specifically, we extend the original dynamics by introducing auxiliary variables that encode STL satisfaction through their evolution and boundary conditions. Numerical simulations are realized to demonstrate the feasibility of our method, highlighting its potential for practical applications.
• Averaged Steklov Eigenvalues, Inside Outside Duality and Application to Inverse Scattering
  
  • Audibert Lorenzo
  • Haddar Houssem
  • Pourre Fabien
  SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2025. <div><p>We introduce a new family of artificial backgrounds corresponding to averaged impedance boundary conditions formulated in an abstract framework. These backgrounds are used to define a finite number of averaged Steklov eigenvalues, which are associated with inverse scattering problems from inhomogeneous media. We prove that these special eigenvalues can be determined from full-aperture, fixed-frequency far-fields using the inside-outside duality method. We then show and numerically demonstrate how this method can be used to reconstruct averaged values of the refractive index.</p></div>
• Temporal and Spatial Decomposition for Prospective Studies in Energy Systems under Uncertainty
  
  • Martinez Parra Camila
  • de Lara Michel
  • Chancelier Jean-Philippe
  • Carpentier Pierre
  • Janin Jean-Marc
  , 2025. The increasing penetration of renewable energy requires greater use of storage resources to manage system intermittency. As a result, there is growing interest in evaluating the opportunity cost of stored energy, or usage values, which can be derived by solving a multistage stochastic optimization problem. Stochasticity arises from net demand (the aggregation of demand and non-dispatchable generation), the availability of dispatchable generation, and inflows when the storage facilities considered are hydroelectric dams. We aim to compute these usage values for each market zone of the interconnected European electricity system, in the context of prospective studies currently conducted by RTE, the French TSO. The energy system is mathematically modelled as a directed graph, where nodes represent market zones and arcs represent interconnection links. In large energy systems, spatial complexity (thirty nodes in the system, each with at most one aggregated storage unit) compounds temporal complexity (a one-year horizon modelled with two timescales: weekly subproblems with hourly time steps). This work addresses three main sources of complexity: temporal, spatial, and stochastic. We tackle the multinode multistage stochastic optimisation problem by incorporating a spatio-temporal decomposition scheme. To efficiently compute usage values, we apply Dual Approximate Dynamic Programming (DADP), which enables tractable decomposition across both time and space. This approach yields nodal usage values that depend solely on the local state of each node, independently of the others. We conduct numerical studies on a realistic system composed of thirty nodes (modelling part of Europe) and show that DADP obtains competitive results when comparing with traditional methods like Stochastic Dual Dynamic Programming (SDDP).
• Stability of the P1nc-(P0+P1) element
  
  • Jamelot Erell
  • Ciarlet Patrick
  • Sauter Stefan
  Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering, Springer, 2025, 153, pp.494-503. We solve the Stokes problem numerically. We analyse the P1nc-(P0+P1) mixed finite element method which exhibits interesting numerical features. However, only an incomplete proof of the inf-sup condition is available. We prove here this condition and the stability of the method.
• Explicit T-coercivity for the Stokes problem: a coercive finite element discretization
  
  • Ciarlet Patrick
  • Jamelot Erell
  Computers & Mathematics with Applications, Elsevier, 2025, 188, pp.137-159. Using the T -coercivity theory as advocated in Chesnel-Ciarlet [Numer. Math., 2013], we propose a new variational formulation of the Stokes problem which does not involve nonlocal operators. With this new formulation, unstable finite element pairs are stabilized. In addition, the numerical scheme is easy to implement, and a better approximation of the velocity and the pressure is observed numerically when the viscosity is small (10.1016/j.camwa.2025.03.028)
  DOI : 10.1016/j.camwa.2025.03.028
• Concentration inequalities for semidefinite least squares based on data
  
  • Fabiani Filippo
  • Simonetto Andrea
  IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2025, 33. We study data-driven least squares (LS) problems with semidefinite (SD) constraints and derive finite-sample guarantees on the spectrum of their optimal solutions when these constraints are relaxed. In particular, we provide a high confidence bound allowing one to solve a simpler program in place of the full SDLS problem, while ensuring that the eigenvalues of the resulting solution are $\varepsilon$-close of those enforced by the SD constraints. The developed certificate, which consistently shrinks as the number of data increases, turns out to be easy-to-compute, distribution-free, and only requires independent and identically distributed samples. Moreover, when the SDLS is used to learn an unknown quadratic function, we establish bounds on the error between a gradient descent iterate minimizing the surrogate cost obtained with no SD constraints and the true minimizer. (10.1109/LSP.2025.3643385)
  DOI : 10.1109/LSP.2025.3643385
• Shape optimization of slip-driven axisymmetric microswimmers
  
  • Liu Ruowen
  • Zhu Hai
  • Guo Hanliang
  • Bonnet Marc
  • Veerapaneni Shravan
  SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2025, 47 (2), pp.A1065-A1090. In this work, we develop a computational framework that aims at simultaneously optimizing the shape and the slip velocity of an axisymmetric microswimmer suspended in a viscous fluid. We consider shapes of a given reduced volume that maximize the swimming efficiency, i.e., the (size-independent) ratio of the power loss arising from towing the rigid body of the same shape and size at the same translation velocity to the actual power loss incurred by swimming via the slip velocity. The optimal slip and efficiency (with shape fixed) are here given in terms of two Stokes flow solutions, and we then establish shape sensitivity formulas of adjoint-solution that provide objective function derivatives with respect to any set of shape parameters on the sole basis of the above two flow solutions. Our computational treatment relies on a fast and accurate boundary integral solver for solving all Stokes flow problems. We validate our analytic shape derivative formulas via comparisons against finite-difference gradient evaluations, and present several shape optimization examples. (10.1137/24M1659649)
  DOI : 10.1137/24M1659649
• Maxwell's equations with hypersingularities at a negative index material conical tip
  
  • Bonnet-Ben Dhia Anne-Sophie
  • Chesnel Lucas
  • Rihani Mahran
  Pure and Applied Analysis, Mathematical Sciences Publishers, 2025, 7 (1), pp.127–169. We study a transmission problem for the time harmonic Maxwell's equations between a classical positive material and a so-called negative index material in which both the permittivity ε and the permeability µ take negative values. Additionally, we assume that the interface between the two domains is smooth everywhere except at a point where it coincides locally with a conical tip. In this context, it is known that for certain critical values of the contrasts in ε and in µ, the corresponding scalar operators are not of Fredholm type in the usual H^1 spaces. In this work, we show that in these situations, the Maxwell's equations are not well-posed in the classical L^2 framework due to existence of hypersingular fields which are of infinite energy at the tip. By combining the T-coercivity approach and the Kondratiev theory, we explain how to construct new functional frameworks to recover well-posedness of the Maxwell's problem. We also explain how to select the setting which is consistent with the limiting absorption principle. From a technical point of view, the fields as well as their curls decompose as the sum of an explicit singular part, related to the black hole singularities of the scalar operators, and a smooth part belonging to some weighted spaces. The analysis we propose rely in particular on the proof of new key results of scalar and vector potential representations of singular fields.
• On the breathing of spectral bands in periodic quantum waveguides with inflating resonators
  
  • Chesnel Lucas
  • Nazarov Sergei A
  ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI) / EDP, 2025, 59 (4). We are interested in the lower part of the spectrum of the Dirichlet Laplacian A^ε in a thin waveguide Π^ε obtained by repeating periodically a pattern, itself constructed by scaling an inner field geometry Ω by a small factor ε &gt; 0. The Floquet-Bloch theory ensures that the spectrum of A^ε has a band-gap structure. Due to the Dirichlet boundary conditions, these bands all move to +∞ as O(ε^{-2}) when ε → 0^+. Concerning their widths, applying techniques of dimension reduction, we show that the results depend on the dimension of the so-called space of almost standing waves in Ω that we denote by X_†. Generically, i.e. for most Ω, there holds X_† = {0} and the lower part of the spectrum of A^ε is very sparse, made of bands of length at most O(ε) as ε → 0^+. For certain Ω however, we have dim X_† = 1 and then there are bands of length O(1) which allow for wave propagation in Π^ε. The main originality of this work lies in the study of the behaviour of the spectral bands when perturbing Ω around a particular Ω_⋆ where dim X_† = 1. We show a breathing phenomenon for the spectrum of A^ε : when inflating Ω around Ω_⋆ , the spectral bands rapidly expand before shrinking. In the process, a band dives below the normalized threshold π^2 /ε^2 , stops breathing and becomes extremely short as Ω continues to inflate.
• Long time behaviour of the solution of Maxwell's equations in dissipative generalized Lorentz materials (II) A modal approach
  
  • Cassier Maxence
  • Joly Patrick
  • Martínez Luis Alejandro Rosas
  Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées, Elsevier, 2025. This work concerns the analysis of electromagnetic dispersive media modelled by generalized Lorentz models. More precisely, this paper is the second of two articles dedicated to the long time behaviour of solutions of Maxwell's equations in dissipative Lorentz media, via the long time decay rate of the electromagnetic energy for the corresponding Cauchy problem. In opposition to the frequency dependent Lyapunov functions approach used in [Cassier, Joly, Rosas Martínez, Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 74 (2023), 115], we develop a method based on the spectral analysis of the underlying non-self-adjoint operator of the model. Although more involved, this approach is closer to physics, as it uses the dispersion relation of the model, and has the advantage to provide more precise and more optimal results, leading to distinguish the notion of weak and strong dissipation. (10.48550/arXiv.2312.12231)
  DOI : 10.48550/arXiv.2312.12231
• Scattering of transient waves by an interface with time-modulated jump conditions
  
  • Michaël Darche
  • Assier Raphaël
  • Guenneau S
  • Lombard Bruno
  • Touboul Marie
  Comptes Rendus. Mécanique, Académie des sciences (Paris), 2025, 335, pp.923-951. Time modulation of the physical parameters offers interesting new possibilities for wave control. Examples include amplification of waves, harmonic generation and non-reciprocity, without resorting to non-linear mechanisms. Most of the recent studies focus on the time-modulation of the bulk physical properties. However, as the temporal modulation of these properties is difficult to achieve experimentally, we will concentrate here on the special case of an interface with time-varying jump conditions, which is simpler to implement. This work is focused on wave propagation in a one-dimensional medium containing one modulated interface. Properties of the scattered waves are investigated theoretically: energy balance, generation of harmonics, impedance matching and non-reciprocity. A fourth-order numerical method is also developed to simulate transient scattering. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the numerical scheme and to illustrate the theoretical findings.
• Analysis of the interior transmission problem in an unbounded locally perturbed periodic strip
  
  • Haddar Houssem
  • Jenhani Nouha
  Inverse Problems and Imaging, AIMS American Institute of Mathematical Sciences, 2025, 20, pp.305-329. <div><p>We analyze the interior transmission problem in a locally perturbed infinite periodic domain, considering the case where the perturbation intersects the periodic background. An equivalent formulation as coupled quasiperiodic problems is obtained by applying the Floquet-Bloch transform. We perform a discretization with respect to the Floquet-Bloch variable and prove the well-posedness of the semi-discretized problem. We then establish some a priori estimates under regularity assumptions that allow us to prove the convergence of the discrete sequence to the solution of the problem.</p></div> (10.3934/ipi.2025028)
  DOI : 10.3934/ipi.2025028
• Withdrawal of: Solution of the Ovals problem
  
  • Chitour Yacine
  • Denzler Jochen
  • Jean Frédéric
  • Trélat Emmanuel
  , 2025. In the previous version of the preprint, we made a mistake in our proposed solution to the Ovals problem (formulated in [3, 24]). The erroneous claim is that the operator A_T, used in the proof of Lemma 2.4.1, is selfadjoint. But this fact is wrong, as kindly pointed out to us by Matthias Baur, Rupert L. Frank, Larry Read and Timo Weidl, whom we warmly thank. At the moment, unfortunately, this mistake seems fatal to us, so the Ovals conjecture remains open. Nevertheless, since our work contains arguments that may be useful to address the conjecture, we let it available as a preprint, with a warning on Section 2.4.
• On the constitutive behavior of linear viscoelastic solids under the plane stress condition
  
  • Guzina Bojan B
  • Bonnet Marc
  Journal of Elasticity, Springer Verlag, 2025, 157, pp.45. Motivated by the recent experimental and analytical developments enabling high-fidelity material characterization of (heterogeneous) sheet-like solid specimens, we seek to elucidate the constitutive behavior of linear viscoelastic solids under the plane stress condition. More specifically, our goal is to expose the relationship between the plane-stress viscoelastic constitutive parameters and their (native) ``bulk'' counterparts. To facilitate the sought reduction of the three-dimensional (3D) constitutive behavior, we deploy the concept of projection operators and focus on the frequency-domain behavior by resorting to the Fourier transform and the mathematical framework of tempered distributions, which extends the Fourier analysis to functions (common in linear viscoelasticity) for which Fourier integrals are not convergent. In the analysis, our primary focus is the on class of linear viscoelastic solids whose 3D rheological behavior is described by a set of constant-coefficient ordinary differential equations, each corresponding to a generic arrangement of ``springs'' and ``dashpots''. On reducing the general formulation to the isotropic case, we proceed with an in-depth investigation of viscoelastic solids whose bulk and shear modulus each derive from a suite of classical ``spring and dashpot'' configurations. To enable faithful reconstruction of the 3D constitutive parameters of natural and engineered solids via (i) thin-sheet testing and (ii) applications of the error-in-constitutive-relation approach to the inversion of (kinematic) sensory data, we also examine the reduction of thermodynamic potentials describing linear viscoelasticity under the plane stress condition. The analysis is complemented by a set of analytical and numerical examples, illustrating the effect on the plane stress condition on the behavior of isotropic and anisotropic viscoelastic solids. (10.1007/s10659-025-10136-6)
  DOI : 10.1007/s10659-025-10136-6
• Efficient boundary integral method to evaluate the acoustic scattering from coupled fluid-fluid problems excited by multiple sources
  
  • Pacaut Louise
  • Chaillat Stéphanie
  • Mercier Jean-François
  • Serre Gilles
  Journal of Computational Physics, Elsevier, 2025, 524, pp.113736. In the naval industry many applications require to study the behavior of a penetrable obstacle embedded in water, notably in presence of a turbulent flow. Such configuration is encountered in particular when noise is scattered by two-phase fluids, e.g., turbulent flows with air bubbles. Fast and efficient numerical methods are required to compute this scattering in the presence of realistic 3D geometries, such as bubble curtains. In [1], we have developed a very efficient approach in the case of a rigid obstacle of arbitrary shape, excited by a turbulent flow. It is based on the numerical evaluation of tailored Green's functions. Here we extend this fast method to the case of a penetrable obstacle. It is not a straightforward extension and we propose two main contributions. First, tailored Green's functions for a fluid-fluid coupled problem are derived theoretically and determined numerically. Second, we show the need of a regularized Boundary Integral formulation to obtain these Green's functions accurately in all configurations. Finally, we illustrate the efficiency of the method on various applications related to the scattering by multiple bubbles. (10.1016/j.jcp.2025.113736)
  DOI : 10.1016/j.jcp.2025.113736
• An operator approach to the analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in dispersive media. Part 2: transmission problems.
  
  • Cassier Maxence
  • Joly Patrick
  , 2025. In this second chapter, we analyse transmission problems between a dielectric and a dispersive negative material. In the first part, we consider a transmission problem between two half-spaces, filled respectively by the vacuum and a Drude material, and separated by a planar interface. In this setting, we answer the following question: does this medium satisfy a limiting amplitude principle? This principle defines the stationary regime as the large time asymptotic behavior of a system subject to a periodic excitation. In the second part, we consider the transmission problem of an infinite strip made of a Drude material embedded in the vacuum and analyse the existence and dispersive properties of guided waves. In both problems, our spectral analysis elucidates new and unusual physical phenomena for the considered transmission problems due to the presence of the dispersive negative material. In particular, we prove the existence of an interface resonance in the first part and the existence of slow light phenomena for guiding waves in the second part.
• ABOUT SEMILINEAR LOW DIMENSION BESSEL PDEs
  
  • Ohashi Alberto
  • Russo Francesco
  • Teixeira Alan
  Stochastics and Partial Differential Equations: Analysis and Computations, Springer US, 2025. We prove existence and uniqueness of solutions of a semilinear PDE driven by a Bessel type generator $L^\delta$ with low dimension $0 &lt; \delta &lt; 1$. $L^\delta$ is a local operator, whose drift is the derivative of $x \mapsto \log (\vert x\vert)$: in particular it is a Schwartz distribution, which is not the derivative of a continuous function. The solutions are intended in a duality ("weak") sense with respect to state space $L^2(\R_+, d\mu),$ $\mu$ being an invariant measure for the Bessel semigroup. (10.1007/s40072-025-00386-9)
  DOI : 10.1007/s40072-025-00386-9
• A note on pliability and the openness of the multiexponential map in Carnot groups
  
  • Jean Frédéric
  • Sigalotti Mario
  • Socionovo Alessandro
  , 2025. In recent years, several notions of non-rigidity of horizontal vectors in Carnot groups have been proposed, motivated, in particular, by the characterization of monotone sets and Whitney extension properties. In this note we compare some of these notions.
• An operator approach to the analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in dispersive media. Part 1: general results.
  
  • Cassier Maxence
  • Joly Patrick
  , 2025. In this chapter, we investigate the mathematical models for electromagnetic wave propagation in dispersive isotropic passive linear media for which the dielectric permittivity $\varepsilon$ and magnetic permeability $\mu$ depend on the frequency. We emphasize the link between physical requirements and mathematical properties of the models. A particular attention is devoted to the notions of causality and passivity and its connection to the existence of Herglotz functions that determine the dispersion of the material. We consider successively the cases of the general passive media and the so-called local media for which $\varepsilon$ and $\mu$ are rational functions of the frequency. This leads us to analyse the important classes of non-dissipative and dissipative generalized Lorentz models. In particular, we discuss the connection between mathematical and physical properties of models through the notions of stability, energy conservation, dispersion and modal analyses, group and phase velocities and energy decay in dissipative systems.
• A hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method with transmission variables for time-harmonic acoustic problems in heterogeneous media
  
  • Pescuma Simone
  • Gabard Gwenael
  • Chaumont-Frelet Théophile
  • Modave Axel
  Journal of Computational Physics, Elsevier, 2025, 534, pp.114009. We consider the finite element solution of time-harmonic wave propagation problems in heterogeneous media with hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) methods. In the case of homogeneous media, it has been observed that the iterative solution of the linear system can be accelerated by hybridizing with transmission variables instead of numerical traces, as performed in standard approaches. In this work, we extend the HDG method with transmission variables, which is called the CHDG method, to the heterogeneous case with piecewise constant physical coefficients. In particular, we consider formulations with standard upwind and general symmetric fluxes. The CHDG hybridized system can be written as a fixed-point problem, which can be solved with stationary iterative schemes for a class of symmetric fluxes. The standard HDG and CHDG methods are systematically studied with the different numerical fluxes by considering a series of 2D numerical benchmarks. The convergence of standard iterative schemes is always faster with the extended CHDG method than with the standard HDG methods, with upwind and scalar symmetric fluxes. (10.1016/j.jcp.2025.114009)
  DOI : 10.1016/j.jcp.2025.114009